Jane Elliott Essay

This was one of the most inspirational and educational documentaries that I have ever personally watched. A third grade teacher, Jane Elliott divides her class by blue and brown eyes to teach about discrimination and how it affects people in our society. People in society are taught many things in their lifetime, but when it is experienced first handedly they have a different perspective about it. When speaking with the class about Brotherhood week and what it meant I was shocked when Jane Elliott asked the class â€Å"If there was anyone that we did not treat like a brother† the classes first instant response was black people. There was no hesitation in answering this question. They even used the word â€Å"Nigger†. This is a prime example of how prominent discrimination was at that time, and it is just as prominent in our society today. African Americans currently score lower than European Americans on vocabulary, reading, and mathematics tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence. This gap appears before children enter kindergarten, and it persists into adulthood. It has narrowed since 1970, but the typical American black still scores below 75 percent of American whites on most standardized tests. On some tests the typical American black scores below more than 85 percent of whites (Jencks, 1998). African Americans scoring lower on test could possibly be the results of discrimination. Jane Elliott proved this point in her documentary. On both days, children who were designated as inferior took on the look and behavior of genuinely inferior students, performing poorly on tests and other work. I feel that this experiment would be beneficial and should be performed in our school systems to help children experience discrimination, and the feelings of demoralization on a first Page 2 hand basis by using the same method Jane Elliott used by segregating children by eye color. I believe if this experiment was performed in schools today that there would be positive effects, such as improvements in student attitudes, elevated general testing scores, higher standardized test scores and less racial fighting between students. â€Å"A Class Divided† is a documentary that I feel everyone should view no matter what race or ethnicity a person might  be. Whether we realize it or not, everyone is prone to some form of discrimination and prejudice. The United States is such a diverse country, so most Americans are not part of the dominant group; therefore due to being a minority, we undergo a feeling of inferiority. This documentary presents us with a different view on the color of someone’s skin. After viewing this, a person will hopefully be less likely to focus on the differences they have with other people and see people all as equals. This topic was of great interest to me due to the fact that I witness discrimination many times a day. Even I, as a white American woman, who is married to someone of a different nationality, faces discrimination. This documentary will help those who do not face discrimination and prejudice in their everyday life, realize what it is like to be on the other end. I believe that racism, discrimination and prejudice are more explained through sociological theories. This does not make it acceptable, but it gives better understanding. Scapegoat theory, holds that prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantage (Dollard et al., 1939). The culture theory, some prejudice is found in everyone (Macionis, pg 281) This was proven by Bogardus (1925, 1967; Elsner, & McFaul, 1977) with the social distance studies that found that people felt much more social distance from some categories than from others (Macionis, pg 279). The conflict theory, this theory relates Page 3 to today’s society. Shelby Steele (1990) explained that minorities themselves encourage race consciousness in order to win power and privileges. She also stated that this strategy may bring short-term gains, that such thinking often sparks backlash from whites or others who oppose special treatment on the basis of race or ethnicity. I believe that there is a lot of hostility and discrimination in society today between white and blacks due to the conflict theory.

Mini Paper

Advance Practice Nursing Jake Freeman University of SST. Francis Abstract This paper primarily explores the article from the Journal of Nursing called â€Å"Demographic Profiles of Certified Nurse-Midwives, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists, and Nurse Practitioners: Reflections on Implications for Uniform Education and Regulation†. It will also include insight from other resources in support to the information provided by the article preceding.The article will be summarized in regards to Advanced Practice Nursing (PAN) work history within the ultra of nursing and whether or not the Pan's should be mandated to further their education to the doctorate level in order to maintain there positions as Pan's. The paper will also provide a brief analysis by the author in regard to the quality of the paper's content. Keywords: advanced practice nursing, DEN, history of, history, clinical nurse specialist In Summary a Brief History of Advance Practice Nursing Nursing practice has e xpanded exponentially especially in the last 10 years.With aggressive legislation from our nursing leaders, respect, reimbursements, and the right to well deserved leadership has come forth. Although for many of us nurses it may seem as though many of these breakthroughs have spontaneously emerged, yet with a little respect to our roots we need to realize this emergence has been transforming nursing society since the sass's. The recent chaos and disorientation in health care has rendered an opportunity for nurses to take what is theirs, and that is leadership in healthcare.Preventative care has always been a forte of nursing and now it's a realization that it is the best approach to health care today, and that is why we are the leaders. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists are the pioneers of advance practice nursing as evidenced by the first formal education in 1909 at SST. Vincent Hospital in Portland, OR and have roots dating back to the Civil War while caring for the wounded and administering medicine like ether in the battlefields.Nurse Midwives shortly there after developed formal education in 1932 at the Maternity Center Association in New York and have roots dating back to the times of biblical writings. In 1965 the first formal Nurse Practitioner program was developed at the University of Colorado in collaboration with a physician Dry. Henry Silver and Registered Nurse Loretta Ford. Clinical Specialists devised a program of formal education at Rutgers University in 1954 (Englander et al. , 2006). As you can see advance practice nursing has came a long way and has overcome an insurmountable amount of hurdles.In the Journal of Professional Nursing a study was conducted by Sips, Fullerton, and Schilling (2009) which consisted of a sample survey and was designed to determine 6 categories of gathered information in regards to gender and race, age and years experience, education, employment, practice privileges, and salary. In the article the author aggr essively directs to the possible fact that â€Å"men Leary indicate that they chose nursing because they expected a good salary' (p. 182) and that there was a good possibility that they were inclined to choose nursing to empower themselves rather than their patients.Based on the quality of the study and the amount of professionals that actually participated this finding could be considered loosely based and also offensive to men of the profession. On a more refreshing note it was encouraging to see that Naps have the highest amount of ethnic diversity among the three PAN groups. This will highly contribute to collaboration between Pan's to provide a better understanding of culturally impotent care. Sacra's have longevity in experience, where as Naps are the youngsters of advanced practice, yet will be the largest entity of advanced practice nurses shortly in the future.Currently employment greatly consists of a physician- based practice, although this statistic will most likely cha nge as well in the near future. Unfortunately the study of demographics of the 3 groups of Pan's is loosely associated to the need for Pan's to advance their practice to the doctoral level. There where references to the concern of collegiate faculty and the necessity of doctoral repaper professors to teach doctoral prepared course work. This was in regards to the question whether or not we have enough DEN prepared nurses out there to teach to the masses that might be interested in furthering their credentials.In the time of when the article was written it was reported that there was a drop off of students studying for their PhD. Presently there will be no mandate for a Doctorate in 2015. In this paragraph we will discuss some issues that might have some more relevance to the question of whether or not we need to mandate Naps to DEN status. In the book Advanced Practice Nursing Jansen et al. 2010) makes an empowering statement reminding us of how some or our greatest attributes for e xample: modesty of our clinical skills have actually hindered some of our potential for growth.This example is finely expressed in this statement â€Å"Given the history, philosophy, and values, the concept of power holds ambivalence for many nurses, even Pan's† (p. 80). This statement makes a good realization of maybe how ill adapted we are as nurses coming into a position of such responsibility, which requires the understanding of how to properly utilize power. Instead of concerning ourselves with whether or not he DEN should be mandated maybe nurses need to learn how to harness their currently new development of high stature as autonomous providers.Our undistinguished and unparalleled ethics ironically have provided us with another hurdle that will be easily overcome in the near future as do any hurdles for nursing. Pan's are also in the midst of becoming autonomous in the politics of business and legal aspects of nursing which can be significantly foreign to many new Pan' s Suppers (2015). Not only recently hurdles in politics within nursing have been overcome such as the identity crisis of Can's and attempting to maintain a niche in he nursing profession.While Naps advance into the spotlight due to demand of needed providers that have privileges, Can's struggle to maintain position Cur (1996). In summary it's evident that Pan's still have continued hurdles, yet their achievements come from centuries of hard work from our forefathers that pioneered the practice. In recent times it's evident that the path paved by our forefathers will enable Pan's to evolve into the highest entity of health care. This is a new and exciting perspective of conceptualizing Pan's instead of physicians controlling the direction of health care, but it is now a reality. Mini Paper Advance Practice Nursing Jake Freeman University of SST. Francis Abstract This paper primarily explores the article from the Journal of Nursing called â€Å"Demographic Profiles of Certified Nurse-Midwives, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists, and Nurse Practitioners: Reflections on Implications for Uniform Education and Regulation†. It will also include insight from other resources in support to the information provided by the article preceding.The article will be summarized in regards to Advanced Practice Nursing (PAN) work history within the ultra of nursing and whether or not the Pan's should be mandated to further their education to the doctorate level in order to maintain there positions as Pan's. The paper will also provide a brief analysis by the author in regard to the quality of the paper's content. Keywords: advanced practice nursing, DEN, history of, history, clinical nurse specialist In Summary a Brief History of Advance Practice Nursing Nursing practice has e xpanded exponentially especially in the last 10 years.With aggressive legislation from our nursing leaders, respect, reimbursements, and the right to well deserved leadership has come forth. Although for many of us nurses it may seem as though many of these breakthroughs have spontaneously emerged, yet with a little respect to our roots we need to realize this emergence has been transforming nursing society since the sass's. The recent chaos and disorientation in health care has rendered an opportunity for nurses to take what is theirs, and that is leadership in healthcare.Preventative care has always been a forte of nursing and now it's a realization that it is the best approach to health care today, and that is why we are the leaders. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists are the pioneers of advance practice nursing as evidenced by the first formal education in 1909 at SST. Vincent Hospital in Portland, OR and have roots dating back to the Civil War while caring for the wounded and administering medicine like ether in the battlefields.Nurse Midwives shortly there after developed formal education in 1932 at the Maternity Center Association in New York and have roots dating back to the times of biblical writings. In 1965 the first formal Nurse Practitioner program was developed at the University of Colorado in collaboration with a physician Dry. Henry Silver and Registered Nurse Loretta Ford. Clinical Specialists devised a program of formal education at Rutgers University in 1954 (Englander et al. , 2006). As you can see advance practice nursing has came a long way and has overcome an insurmountable amount of hurdles.In the Journal of Professional Nursing a study was conducted by Sips, Fullerton, and Schilling (2009) which consisted of a sample survey and was designed to determine 6 categories of gathered information in regards to gender and race, age and years experience, education, employment, practice privileges, and salary. In the article the author aggr essively directs to the possible fact that â€Å"men Leary indicate that they chose nursing because they expected a good salary' (p. 182) and that there was a good possibility that they were inclined to choose nursing to empower themselves rather than their patients.Based on the quality of the study and the amount of professionals that actually participated this finding could be considered loosely based and also offensive to men of the profession. On a more refreshing note it was encouraging to see that Naps have the highest amount of ethnic diversity among the three PAN groups. This will highly contribute to collaboration between Pan's to provide a better understanding of culturally impotent care. Sacra's have longevity in experience, where as Naps are the youngsters of advanced practice, yet will be the largest entity of advanced practice nurses shortly in the future.Currently employment greatly consists of a physician- based practice, although this statistic will most likely cha nge as well in the near future. Unfortunately the study of demographics of the 3 groups of Pan's is loosely associated to the need for Pan's to advance their practice to the doctoral level. There where references to the concern of collegiate faculty and the necessity of doctoral repaper professors to teach doctoral prepared course work. This was in regards to the question whether or not we have enough DEN prepared nurses out there to teach to the masses that might be interested in furthering their credentials.In the time of when the article was written it was reported that there was a drop off of students studying for their PhD. Presently there will be no mandate for a Doctorate in 2015. In this paragraph we will discuss some issues that might have some more relevance to the question of whether or not we need to mandate Naps to DEN status. In the book Advanced Practice Nursing Jansen et al. 2010) makes an empowering statement reminding us of how some or our greatest attributes for e xample: modesty of our clinical skills have actually hindered some of our potential for growth.This example is finely expressed in this statement â€Å"Given the history, philosophy, and values, the concept of power holds ambivalence for many nurses, even Pan's† (p. 80). This statement makes a good realization of maybe how ill adapted we are as nurses coming into a position of such responsibility, which requires the understanding of how to properly utilize power. Instead of concerning ourselves with whether or not he DEN should be mandated maybe nurses need to learn how to harness their currently new development of high stature as autonomous providers.Our undistinguished and unparalleled ethics ironically have provided us with another hurdle that will be easily overcome in the near future as do any hurdles for nursing. Pan's are also in the midst of becoming autonomous in the politics of business and legal aspects of nursing which can be significantly foreign to many new Pan' s Suppers (2015). Not only recently hurdles in politics within nursing have been overcome such as the identity crisis of Can's and attempting to maintain a niche in he nursing profession.While Naps advance into the spotlight due to demand of needed providers that have privileges, Can's struggle to maintain position Cur (1996). In summary it's evident that Pan's still have continued hurdles, yet their achievements come from centuries of hard work from our forefathers that pioneered the practice. In recent times it's evident that the path paved by our forefathers will enable Pan's to evolve into the highest entity of health care. This is a new and exciting perspective of conceptualizing Pan's instead of physicians controlling the direction of health care, but it is now a reality.

Stock trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stock trading - Essay Example Decrease in stock price is a risk which can be offset by getting a put choice that permits the stock to be sold at a particular price and within a certain time. When the price of the stock comes down, the value of the put alternative will raise. The option of stock analysis is resolute by the investors faith in the different prototypes for "how the stock market works". I bought 4,000 PCLN for a price of 82.92 each and paid 25.00 as commission totaling to an amount of 331,705.00 and then when the price of the stock increased to 87 I sold them. Thus I made a profit of 16,270. Similarly I have made profit on GOOG and PBR stocks. This competition has taught me to be careful in what I do. I have learnt some of the technical methods which are useful when trading in stocks and shares. The most important aspect which I came to know is the importance of time frame for the trading to take place. Time frames also teach the alternative of how to get out of a trade. Apart from this I knew that I will have to always keep an eye on the risk factors of trading also. Also I knew that a simple stock trading strategy will help to keep my sanity. Simple trading procedure helped me to carry out my trading strategy efficiently and on a timely basis. The trading competition has also taught me about a new approach to manage my own emotions as a trade. I have also understood how to benefit from the crowd psychology of markets. The three Ms of stock trading also plays a crucial part in the stock market. By three Ms it means Mind, Method and Money. All the three Ms have to be in unison and this is a simple trading strategy which I have learnt from this

Motivation Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation Plan - Essay Example A team becomes one because of the diversity exhibited by the numerous members. However, in order to achieve success, the members must use their diverse features to unify and improve the performance of the group towards the attainment of the goals and objectives of the group. To achieve such, the group requires an effective leader. One who does not only motivate but also compels the members to commit to the activities of the group. Team C has just such a perfect leader. Elected democratically by all the group members, the group leader thus exhibits the diversity portrayed by members in the democratic process. The group leader unifies the group owing to his democratic election. Additionally, he enjoys the authority to summon members thus improve the accountability required by the group members. With such, the leader becomes a directional and unifying force capable of centering the group’s energy towards the attainment of specific goals. While the leader enjoys great autonomy and control to the group, the members influence his actions and decisions. He consults great with the members a feature that improves a sense of belonging of the members into the group. The group members influence the decisions that run the group. They own the decision since they generate them. The leader thus simply unifies the energies of the group towards the completion of any one task before proceeding to the next. Such a feature earns the members trust and indulgence in the group’s activities owing to the fact that the members generate the ideas thus determines the nature of the completion of the works. As discussed earlier, for the group to function seamlessly and attain specific goals and objectives, the members require appropriate motivation. The group leader must therefore motivate the group members and ensure that he unifies them towards the attainment of specific objectives. The leader is the primary motivational factor in the group. He unifies all the group members b y determining their actions. Through his active and passionate involvement with the activities of the group, the leader motivates other members to work equally as hard. The leader must exhibit a quality of charisma capable of manipulating the strengths and weaknesses of the members. He must use such to commit members to the tasks of the group by establishing a way of earning the trust and commitment of each member into the group. The members possess diverse features that are both weaknesses and strengths in diverse measures. The leader must effortlessly find ways of suppressing the weaknesses in the members while fostering the strengths thus encouraging the active participation of the members into the team (Duck, 2006). The group members on the other hand have a moral obligation to participate in the activities of the group equally. This implies that their active participation is primary if the group is to succeed. They must exhibit the natural drive and motivation to participate by either helping the leader make decision or by implementing the decisions made by the leader. Their participation in the election of the leader earns the leader the authority over them. They therefore have the moral obligation to obey and implement the decisions made by their leader. Respect and submission to the leader is a prerogative to the success of the group’s activities. Teamwork dictates that each member suppresses their individual interests and prioritizes the interest of the group. This implies tha

The major challenges facing the criminal justice system Assignment

The major challenges facing the criminal justice system - Assignment Example The researcher states that crime levels by the youth have reduced more than half in the last forty years. Drug use is a major challenge since it has been increasing despite numerous resources put into reducing the vice. Addicts should not be treated as criminals but as sick people that need treatment. This will lower demand for drugs and bring down its use. Violence against women is an area where not much gain has been made. Strategies need to be revised with a focus on challenging attitudes in men that tend to promote it. Much effort however has been put to support victims and counsel them. Over criminalization reduces liberties and makes every mistake a crime. Certain mistakes should not be criminalized and the public should be educated on the existing laws and regulations as some people could be breaking the law without being aware of it. Public opinion polls and surveys always return a verdict that crime or the fear of it is one of the biggest concerns of the citizenry. Certain a reas would be confused for a war zone as the ring of gun shots, gun shot wounds and injuries or injuries inflicted by other means are a common occurrence. Crime statistics continue to soar; from everyday burglary and cheating to homicides, rape and even terrorism and as time passes and technology advances so does the level of sophistication. A current trend is that of fraud and cyber crimes where there is no contact but the financial and psychological damage is equally devastating. The situation is made worse by a tight economic system, rising inflation and unemployment which puts a strain on people’s finances. ... r challenges facing the criminal justice system from a theoretical, historical and a functional angle by reviewing various literature and trends and makes a conclusion at the end. Literature review Question One: One of the biggest challenges to the criminal justice system is violence by the youth. While the youth are the future leaders and the human capital necessary to move the nation forward, they also participate substantially in criminal activity. FBI statistics show for example that in 2005, youths aged 10 to 17 years comprised 15.4 percent of the population while also committing 15.4 percent of the crimes reported nationally (â€Å"Youth facts†, 2012). Of the youth population, 20 to 24 year olds commit most of the crime with males being the dominant offenders. Statistics show that the leading cause of death among American youth aged between 10 to 24 years is homicide (â€Å"CDC†, 2011). Violence also causes most of the non fatal injuries among the same age group ( 10 -24 year olds). Youth violence has been reducing in number though as data shows that in the period between 1964 to 1969, youths aged between 10 and 17 years made up 21.9 percent of the American population and committed 32.1 percent of all the crimes (â€Å"Youth facts†, 2012). But while the involvement of youths in criminal activity has been reducing, the fatality and lethal nature of youth violence has been getting worse. Acts of violent shootings in schools have been reported and the cause of youth violence is attributed to having criminal parents, broken homes, and abandonment. Early criminal tendencies is a pointer to future crime potential with evidence suggesting that adult criminality and delinquency during adolescence can be traced to problematic behaviors in children (Chaiken, 1995). These

Beatrice di Tenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beatrice di Tenda - Essay Example Symphony No 3 in E-Flat Major (Opera 55) by Ludwig van Beethoven is also known as Erotica. The musical work is a revival of Van Beethoven’s middle period (Zhu, 2009). It is a musical composition n of immense structural rigor and emotional depth. Analysts regard the composition as a mature display of classical style of the late 18th Century. The symphony defines some features of romantic style that would later hold sway in the 19th Century. In performing the symphony, the composition requires that the performance uses 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 clarinets, 3 horns and 2 flutes (Yang, 2011). Performance also requires the use of two trumpets in E-flat and C, and strings. The performance takes approximately 52 minutes.Hans Pfitzner, a German composer composed Palestrina in 1886. The composition was first performed in 1917the composer refered to the opera as Musikalische Legende , meaning the music legend. It was written in honor of a Renaissance Period legend, Giovani Pierluigi da Pale strina (Yang, 2011). The composer honored Palestrina for saving the art of contrapuntal music from the 16th Century church. Palestrina saved polyphony from the church through his composition of Missa Papae Marcelli (White, 2007). Hans’ composition relayed a political view of the Renaissance time and the period of European Reformation. The Premiere was conducted by Bruno Walter in 1962. Given the political stance of the performance of Palestrina, the conductor expressed hope that despite the dark experiences of the day., he was confident that the piece would last forever. He noted that Palestrina had all the elements of immortality, and was sure to influence the lives and decisions of many composers to come. The major differences evident in the three pieces introduced above for the discussion are in their plot, performance and theme. Most notably, the themes of the operas and a symphony chosen for the discussion differ in nature and degree of display. The themes range from tragedy lives that the characters live from the beginning as heroes and end up paupers and losers (DuBois, 1990). There is a display of romance, both deep rooted romance and shallowly expressed romance. Further, there is a display of political theme. Ludwig Van Beethoven’s Erotica defines the features of romantic style of the 18th Century that would become the norm of the 19th Century. Through the plot of the opera, Beethoven explores the literary, artistic and intellectual period that started in the second half of the eighteenth century and gained more strength towards the Industrial Revolution in Europe. In part, the movement was a revolt against political and social norms during the Age of Enlightenment and a public reaction against scientific rationalization of nature (Zhu, 2009). Beethoven’

Advantages might employees see in working for a truly global company Essay

Advantages might employees see in working for a truly global company - Essay Example In other words, the global companies operating outside of their home country in as much as possible would want their track records in a highly impeccable standard to ensure effective operations. Foreign companies operating overseas are found to have significant concern on human resource management prior to maximizing effective operations (Farley et al., 2004). According to Farley et al. (2004), maximizing efficiency and striving for superior quality are top priorities in the core values of MNC subsidiaries in China, which are synonymous with ability and performance as key considerations in promotion and salary. This potential point is primarily related with cultural issue. Global companies especially originating from other countries will tend to adapt and put a high value of consideration of cultural issues. Thus, this might be clearly emphasized in the HR (Human Resource) context. The very reason is the point that the human resource is highly associated with cultural background. In fact, every organization has specific cultural context which at some point would remarkably give potential impact on how the general human resource is dealt with. For example, the parent firm is normally known to formulate its corporate culture which can be observed in its core values, amidst the existing culture and tradition in the host country as this is significantly viewed to maximize effective operations and achievement of competitive advantage (Farley et al., 2004). Working therefore in companies like this will prove to be challenging but promising at some point due to the fact that in an organization diverse culture orientations can be remarkable (McSweeney, 2002). The probable difference between MNC subsidiaries and Multi-National Enterprise from a home country is therefore the presence of foreign culture in the former that could be simultaneously integrated with the firms’ organizational culture prior to

Roman Catholicism In Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roman Catholicism In Brazil - Essay Example the impact of the next aspect of the Brazilian religious marketplace to be considered: the Catholic church’s declining power and influence relative to other traditions. (p. 245) The erosion of Roman Catholicism’s longstanding dominant status in Brazil’s religious marketplace over recent decades is most evident in the dwindling of the Catholic rank and file. For instance, census data showed that from the 1970s up to the present, the Catholics’ share of the population was dipping in contrast to the steady rise of the Protestant percentage. The most reliable estimates place the Catholic population in the country to have dropped to a staggering 75%. (Smith and Prokopy, p. 246) This decrease seem to reflect that which some called as a veritable internal diaspora in which Catholics by the thousands have switched their primary allegiance to evangelical Protestantism, Pentecostalism, Umbanda, Afro-Brazilian traditions of Kardecism. Also, this has encouraged what came to be known as privatized type of Catholicism, wherein the faithful, instead of strictly adhering to church teachings, continued to have only irregular contact with the priests bec ause of their shortage. There are some critics who view this sea of change in the Brazilian religious economy was the Catholic hierarchy’s shift to a more tolerant stance regarding religious pluralism. One should remember that that during the preconciliar period, Afro-Brazilian traditions and Umbanda were systematically denounced by the press, often at the instigation of the Catholic hierarchy. Whether there are some valid issues in regard to the exodus of some Catholics towards other denominations or not, the fact remains that Brazilians have a deep sense of religiosity. In this regard, we go back to how popular Catholic traditions are hardly episodic, fortunately they are also not routinized. (Reily 2002, p. 213) Furthermore, while popular Catholicism stands in opposition to the centralized official church, it is

Sports and animals Essay Example for Free

Sports and animals Essay This would explain the large quantity of participants remembering Uganda and chimpanzee, for example, as they are very infrequently used and may have stood out from the more generic words in the table. This may also account for why words like China, cow and swimming were frequently forgotten: they are neither very common nor uncommon in their usage in everyday life, nor are they stereotypical of their respective categories. What is meant by this is if the question was asked name a sport, it is unlikely that the answer swimming would be given, whereas football would be a more likely answer, despite swimming being a relatively common word to encounter. This builds on the idea of categories acting as recognition cues for subsequent words. Also interesting was the distribution of recalls by category: colours were recalled the most frequently (85/120), compared with sports and animals (both 77/120) and, least frequently, countries (64/120). There could be several explanations for this, but it appears to constitute primarily of two factors: the frequency of usage, and the size of the categories domains. For example, colours are frequently used words and there are relatively few words that fall under that category; sports and animals are also categories from which often-used words are drawn, but there are many more words that fit into them than there are for colours; and countries are less frequently-used words. Therefore, a decrease in common usage and an increase in size may lead to proactive interference, causing more confusion and, occasionally, incorrect words to be recalled. This is demonstrated, for example, in that the word America was recalled three times despite it not being on any of the lists (see Appendix 1). In the results from Condition B, there is also evidence that primacy and recency may have occurred. Respectively, green and dog are the first and last words on the grid, and they were recalled by 10 and 9, respectively, of the 10 participants in that condition. No such effect was found, however, in Condition A, suggesting that the order in which words are sequenced has little effect if there is a more significant method of organisation present (in this case, categories). These patterns indicate that organisation is the key factor in remembering information, but at any one time there may be several methods of organisation occurring simultaneously, such as the words semantic categories, the order that the words are written down, and the frequency of the words usage, among others.  This study did, however, have limitations; the most prominent of which is the potential lack of population validity as a result of the relatively small sample size used and the highly restricted age group from which participants were drawn. This could be overcome in future research by widening the target population and using a larger sample in order to identify trends in more detail. In terms of ecological validity, the study uses artificial stimuli to test memory, and naturally occurring stimuli could be used instead in order to observe the effects of organisation on learning in a natural setting and thus improve the ecological validity. There are implications of this study for many aspects of life which involve learning, but particularly education. It has shown that information is better learnt when organised, either upon presentation or as a mental process. The implication of this is that pupils and students may learn information more efficiently through teaching methods involving organising information into structures and providing tasks to do so if the information is not already organised. The former would provide explicit organisation, and the latter would allow individual pupils and students to find their own ways to learn greater amounts of information. Future research might aim to investigate further into the effects of categorisation. This could be done by using a larger list of words or by drawing words from more distinct categories, and observing if, how and how much participants categorise these words; and relating this to the amount of information they remember. A wider target population would also be beneficial. It is often cited that children learn information more efficiently than older adults, and giving participants from the two age groups the same task and comparing the results would provide insight into how the process of learning is different between them, if indeed it is different. To conclude, this study has found no significant effect of organisation of information upon the learning of this information, but organisation cannot be ruled out as a significant factor. It may be the case that organisation upon encoding, rather than presentation, is the factor that determines the storage of the information. This organisation may be in the form of categorisation, but individual differences exist with regard to how this information is organised. Other factors may be how commonly the information is experienced in the given context, and how many recognition cues are available for the information to be recalled. References BOUSFIELD, W.A. (1953). The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology, 49, pp. 229-240.  BOWER, G.H., CLARK, M.C., LESGOLD, A.M. WINZENZ, D. (1969). Hierarchical retrieval schemes in recall of categorized word lists. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 8, pp. 323-343.

Ms Word Template Essay Example for Free

Ms Word Template Essay Place your logo and other components, as desired, into the header. Access the header by choosing View0Header and Footer from the menu. Generally, letterhead components consist of: * Logo * Street address (and mailing address, if different) * Website address * Email address * Telephone numbers and fax numbers Tip. Whenever possible, place your logo in-line with text. This helps to keep it in place, regardless of your layout. If you want your logo on the left and other components on the right, insert a two-column table. Tip. Generally, the first-page ofa letter does not have page numbering; but you may want to insert page numbering in the second-page footer. Tip. Note how the First Page Header says First Page Header right at the top. The Second Page Header will simply say Header. Tip. If you want to break up your address lines, you can use Insert0Symbol from Words menu and choose Wingdings as the font. There are all kinds of symbols from which you can choose. Above, we chose a symbol that looks like a simple bullet and colored it to match our logo color. These separations make your information easier to read. Step 2. Lay Out the Second Page Use the Show Next button on the Header and Footer toolbar to go to the Second Page Header. Place the components youd like to appear on second and subsequent pages of your correspondence into the header, such as a smaller version of your logo. Tip. Always place a paragraph return below the header, and a paragraph return above the footer. This keeps your document text from running into your header or footer components. Hit the Switch Between Header and Footer button on the Header

Bill Gates Richest Man In The World Commerce Essay

Bill Gates Richest Man In The World Commerce Essay Bill Gates is the chairman of the software Company Microsoft and he is one of the worlds richest men in the world according to Forbes. With Paul Allen, they founded Microsoft in 1970s. Gates oversaw the invention and marketing of the MS-DOS operating system, the Windows operating system interface, Internet Explorer browser and other popular computer products. During the 1990s, due to Microsoft stock price rise, it made Gates the world wealthiest man, his wealth has at times exceeded $75 billion, making Gates a popular symbol of the ascendant computer-geek of the late 20th century. However in June 2006, Gates announced that he would work on part time basis by July 2008. He mentioned he would remain chairman of the Microsoft board while focusing on his charitable foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. (Bill Gates Biography 2006) How a Geek Changed the World The biggest business channel of Indian media NDTV Profit arranged a talk show with Bill Gates and the most successful business executive of Asia Narayana Murthy. When a businessman from the audience asked Bill Gates the secret of success the great tycoon presented a five-point master formula of success. (Bill Gates Tells the Secret of His Success 2006) Find Your Passion It is almost impossible to be successful in anything without passion, passion generates focus. Bill Gates has a huge passion for computer and software. When he was studying in Lakeside School, he fell in love with the computer there and surpassed the knowledge of his teacher within a week. He wrote his first program when he was 13. According to Albert Einstein genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. But without passion, its very difficult to get self-motivated and work hard. When we realize our hidden passion, the work becomes fun and we will enjoy it more and more. Make Yourself Intelligence Bill Gates also mentioned that success depends on our intelligence. Different people have different level of intelligence however most people think intelligence like a physical strength which all people cant be equal in it. It is true however physical strength can be developed, this also applies with intelligence. We can develop intelligence by reading books, watching documentary shows, getting general knowledge from the internet, socializing or arranging a debate, or practice memorizing for instance. Be Open and Honest with Your Work Being honest is important whether it is in business or relationship. Deceiving causes damage in human relations and our progress. Try to be sincere in everything such as efforts, relations and business policies. Honesty is the best policy is a really wise saying. Bill has his quality of integrity so that he has a long term partners in business. He also has a very good family relationship, one of them is with his wife Melinda. Research has also proved that integrity is also good for health as it prolongs ones life span. Create A Good Team Having a team of intelligent people is important to succeed in business. The motto of modern business world is combine and succeed. There are two types of teams: partnership and assistance. Even the big companies are doing joint venture or partnership to become stronger to face competition. For a single person it is very hard to develop nowadays. If we arent up for a partnership, at least we have to have a team of intelligent people to progress fast. Bill Gates himself understood the value of a good team when he was just a high school student. He teamed up with Paul Allen to find a company to sell traffic counter to state government and help his schools payroll system computerize. While in Harvard University he met his later business partner Steve Ballmer. Later he with Paul Allen and Monte Davidoff wrote the original Altair Basic interpreter for the Altair 8800, the first successful personal computer Good Leadership Our team will be motivated in working if we are able to provide good leadership. For a businessman, his office is like a home and his team is like his family. He shares his happiness and sorrows and keeps motivating them time to time to be better and achieve the targets. Giving them proper punishment and rewards will keep his team disciplined and united and lead them to big success. He always share his gains with his staffs by giving promotions or bonuses. THOMAS ALVA EDISON Inventor of Practical Electric Bulb I have not failed. Ive just found 10,000 ways that wont work The Wizard of Menlo Park Thomas Alva Edison, with only three months of formal education he was successfully became one of the greatest inventors and industrial leaders in history. Edisons major innovation was the first industrial research lab, which was built in Menlo Park, New Jersey. It was built with the funds from the sale of Edisons quadruplex telegraph. Edison greatest invention was the first practical electric light bulb. He also build the first electrical power distribution company. Not only those, he also invented phonograph and make improvements to the telegraph, telephone and motion picture technology. Edison was also good in doing business. He invented important new devices, as well as created companies worldwide for the manufacture and sale of his inventions. Edison was also a ruthless businessman who fought hard to compete with his competitors. One of the most notorious examples of his competitive vigor were the lengths he went to discredit Nicola Teslas Alternating Current system, which is the system of electrical distribution in use today. (Thomas Edison American Inventor 1996) Edisonian Approach: Trial and Errors There are several techniques that Edison used to achieve his success: Focus Your Energy The way to increase the power of anything is to focus our energy and concentration to a single point. He knew that with focus, effort and absolute determination, he could achieve what he wanted to achieve, even when all the odds were against him. By focusing your mind on a creative, you will develop your creative ability and your thinking  will uncover amazing new solutions. Work On Ideas That Are Being Worked On By Others It is clear that Edison didnt really invent the electric light bulb. However, his contribution to the perfection of this device is really impressing. Documenting Thomas Edison compiled over 3500 notebooks detailing his ideas and experiments and wrote his thoughts onto over four million pages of notes during his lifetime. Its true that all the great creative minds have been writers, note bookers who record their observations, thoughts and ideas. Writing our ideas down gives us massive encouragement to creative thinking and we should begin immediately to apply this most simple of Edisons creative thinking techniques. Experimental Feedback Thomas Edison applied his creative thinking, putting it to the test through trial and experimentation. He knows the only way to increase knowledge was through experience and experience was gained through experiment. By experimenting, Edison could investigate what happened when he did a certain thing in a certain way with a specific set of tools. He could investigate cause and effect, action and reaction. He could then change the tools slightly and notice how those changes affected the experimental results. And such is the creative life. Have idea Test idea Note result Tweak idea Test tweaked idea Note result continue as necessary. A marketer may have a creative idea for a marketing campaign. She has to put it into action and do a test campaign to know whether it is as good an idea as she hopes. The results come back in. The idea will be tweaked to see whether the results can be improved on subsequent tests. Each test gives vital new information on the worth of this marketing id ea. Depending on the results that are generated the idea will be dismissed or put into wide spread use. Feedback is essential to the creative process of improving upon existing and new ideas. Systems and Teams/Mastermind Alliance Thomas Edison was aware that when it came to creativity, two heads were better than one. Thomas Edison knew that when it came to creative thinking, two heads were better than one. He was a master at organizing and utilizing the creative abilities and talents of others in very focused creative pursuits and projects. Edisons dynamic and forceful character galvanized the enthusiastic young team of bright minds that he attracted to his Menlo Park Invention Factory. You can see that Bill Gates has done a similar thing at Microsoft employing the brightest young minds to work on his team. Companies like Google follow the same principle. By working with a team of creative people you can exponentially increase and improve your creative output. (Wily Walnut 2008) ALBERT EINSTEIN Father of Modern Physics The important thing is not to stop questioningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Never lose a holy curiosity Father of Relativity Albert Einstein developed a theory about the relationship of mass and energy. The formula, E=mc[2], is probably the most famous outcome from Einsteins special theory of relativity. The formula says energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. In other words, it means mass is just one form of energy. Since the speed of light squared is a large number (186,000 miles per second)[2], a small amount of mass can be converted to a phenomenal amount of energy. Or, if theres a lot of energy available, some energy can be converted to mass and a new particle can be created. Nuclear reactors, for instance, work because nuclear reactions convert small amounts of mass into large amounts of energy. (Mary Bellis) Einstein also explains the Theory of Relativity. Relativity explains the way an object appears to be relative to an observer. You can understand this if you consider yourself in a car, observing other cars. Imagine you are observing a car travelling at 20  km/h. If your car is stationary, then the other cars speed relative to you is 20  km/h. However if you are travelling alongside the car also doing 20  km/h, then the other car seems to be stationary compared to you. Its speed relative to you is zero. (Einsteins Scientific Achievements 2005) Never Stop Being Curious There are several ways how Einsteins mind works: Behave like a child while learning, Be curious about everything what you learn. Children are curious. They are like a blank paper, waiting to be filled with knowledge and experiences. They dont have predetermined expectations clouding their judgment. Children absorb the world around with an open mind driven by sheer curiosity. Also curiosity can uncover the truth, All that seems obvious in life is not necessarily true.  A curious person discover the truth themselves without taking someones word straightaway. It is more satisfying and convincing when we see the facts itself rather than hearing from someone. Create Mind Maps, Draw some pictures and colour them. Mind mapping is about writing down a central idea and thinking up new and related ideas which spread out from the centre. By concentrating on the central ideas written down in our own words, and then searching for branches out and links between the ideas, we are mapping knowledge in a way which will help us understand and remember new information. Day Dreaming: Dream at least for 5 min daily. Many people assumed daydreaming is an act of laziness. But it has also been able to produce many popular artistic careers such as a music composer, novelist, or a film maker who do a lot of creative thinking and develop new ideas. When a person is thinking or fantasizing about his unfulfilled wishes, desires, all that for which he is passionate about, he gets carried away by them and starts day-dreaming, says a well known psychologist Dr Aruna Broota. d. Use your right part of your Brain: Right part of the brain has the ability for creative thinking. The right brain functions are all about visualization, imagination and looking at things from a larger perspective. The right brain are designed to promote imaginative and creative thinking. Right brain games are incidentally a lot of fun, this is an example of fun activities that help us loosen up and get fresh perspective on things. Most of the time, we focus on a problem and keep thinking on the same lines, whereas what is needed is to be looked at from different perspective. (Einsteins Secret Revealed: Tap the Genius in You 2008) 2. Comparison between those three a. Bill Gates Method Advantages It cant be denied that one key aspect to Bill Gates success is passion. Having passion in what we are doing is a key to success that is often overlooked. But I know that passion is essential to achieve any kind of long lasting success. If we dont have passion, everything we do will produce only average result because we never enjoy doing them. People who have passion in what they are doing, they will never give up, since they have no reason to give up, no matter what their circumstances might be. Information Technology changes rapidly, we need to keep ourselves updated by reading books for instance. Read as much as possible, It wont hurt you. Why is reading so important? With this skill you have access to all of the accumulated knowledge from the past and the present. One of the key successes of Bill Gates is being honest of what we are doing. Nowadays, being honest in business will always mean that you will get better business in the long run. In business, being honest means that we will keep everybody informed regarding our true state and objectives. The advantage of being honest is not only this will set the appropriate amount of expectations, but will also clear things, whether the person is ready to do business with us. Most of Bill Gates work are done in a team. There are several benefits from working in a team such as more people will generate more ideas; we will have larger range of skills; parallel working will enhance speed; and people in a team can support and encourage each other. Last but not least, being a good leader needs skills and practice. A good leader is not about commanding people around but rather the ability to influence his characteristics to the team he is working with. An example of characteristics of good leadership will be discipline and self confidence. A good leader will know that his characteristics are being observed and followed by those around him. A good leadership will increase the work productivity and loyalty of staffs. Disadvantages Unfortunately, being honest in business isnt an easy job. It is still hard for people to estimate whether a business service or product is worth paying for, especially when it is expensive. We will find people turning away from us, as they learn the truth. But still, being honest is a good thing. For example, if people keep ignoring your sincere offer, it means that they wont appreciate your work. It also means that they have a very high expectation now and in the future. When we speak honestly and find the right customer, the chances are he/she will listen. He/she will trust you and agree to work on your conditions. The biggest benefit of speaking honestly is that we will enjoy working with someone who enjoys our work. Working in a team sometimes can be frustrating and unproductive, such as office politics, large number of people working in a small task, conflicts between team member, and also members with larger personalities can harm the confidence of the quieter team member. However this can be tackled by hiring the right person and good leadership. b. Edison Method Advantages One of Edison philosophy is to monotask, focus all our attention or energy to one single thing. We never can pay full attention to two jobs at once, for example when we are writing while having a conversation, we are switching our attention back and forth between those two quickly. We are juggling and when we juggle tasks, our work deteriorates and takes longer to complete because of switching tasks. So by monotasking, we can improve the quality of work and the amount of time spent. We learn more from failure rather than success. It took Edison approximately ten thousands experiments to figure out the perfect element for the electric light bulb. There was a lot of learning to go through. There is no such knowledge in books. He simply never gives up trying, failing and learning. We must actively seek out failure and learn from it. We shouldnt be afraid of getting anything wrong. Failure is our friend. Every failure is simply an experiment. Experiments are set up to see what results occur and to learn from doing them. Disadvantages Some people are good at multitasking, and they can complete tasks faster with the same quality of result. Applying monotasking on these kind of people will deteriorate their efficiency and energy. By multitasking, those energy can be fully utilized to complete tasks. We also should know when to stop, give up and move on. If we dont enjoy the job we are doing or unsatisfied, stop for a while and review it. We shouldnt be wasting our time on something we dont enjoy or feel right doing. Another example is when we are injured and we should be taking a week off and miss an important match this week, we give up that match and get well soon so that we can play on the following match. So its important to know when to give up otherwise we or somebody else will get hurt. This also applies in relationship; maybe giving up a relationship is for our best interest. Albert einstein Advantages Being curious in life can bring happiness. Curiosity is about learning for ourselves and sharing what we have learnt. We can be curious about anything, even the things we have already known. Curiosity is an important aspects of a genius. Almost all inventors and great people, they are all curious people. Being curious can make our mind active, we always ask questions and search for answers; it increases the awareness of our mind for new ideas, because without curiosity, we wont look further of those particular new ideas; and we will have a very exciting life because new things always attract our attention Einstein always encourage us to utilize and train our right brain. People with right-side brain dominance are tend to be more creative in things such as painting or music composing. Whereas, people with left-sided brain dominance deal with reality and use less imaginations. According to a scientist at Middle Tennessee State University, people with right brain dominance tend to think outside the box. This is helpful with projects and problem solving. Disadvantages There is a time when being curious can lead to inefficiency. When we are curious on a lot of small unproductive things such as checking blog comments, refreshing facebook page, keep an eye on our watchlists in ebay several times per day at random intervals. And we are aware that we do this far more frequently than we needed to. Curiosity killed the cat is an expression that means dont be nosy because we could get hurt. This expression is based on the fact that cats are nosy and mischievous and often find themselves is dangerous situations, such as being stuck in a tree or running in front of traffic. Yes, curiosity can lead to nosyness. It is not shocking when people who labeled themselves as friends, but when things go bad for us, all they want is the gossip. And the worst things about it is that most of these nosy friends spread it to others and they just dont care about us and our feeling. Critical reflection What I have learnt from Bill Gates, is that I have to have passion for everything I do to achieve success. In studies I have to learn to love everything I am studying. If I dont enjoy them, then I will fail or barely pass the units. Also I dont have to be the first to win. Computer has already existed when Bill Gates were born, but he was able to make the device better and bring their products to the masses than anyone else in the industry. Microsoft was simply better at executing a business plan, and thats why Microsoft software is now the industry standard. This also applies to Edison, he didnt invent the first electric light bulb, he made them perfect and produced the first commercially practical electric bulb. So when I see things has been working properly, I shouldnt stop thinking about them, what I should do is to think whether I can make things better. To be successful, I also have to know how to do business. Being genius is useless if I cant make money out of it. Bill Gates quoted, If you cant make it good, at least make it look good, well the purpose of making it look good is that he can sell the product to people and make money. What I learn from Edison is not to fear failure. Failure can be a beautiful experience, because it develop my courage. And theres a saying, What doesnt kill you, makes you stronger, every failure as long as I learn from it, it will make me a better person. The best way for describing a failure is by realizing that failure is an event, not a person. For example, if I tried something and fail 20 times, I wouldnt be a failure, but I am a person who has experienced 18 failures. So if theres something I want to do and unsuccessful yet, I wont stop trying. Remember, the only people who never fail are those who never try. However there should be a clear line on where we are taking it too far and we have to stop trying. For example, I have been in love with a girl for a year, she keeps saying no when I asked her out. There was a time when she was so upset because I keep calling her. Also because of this, I lost focus at work, I kept thinking of her, I started drinking. In this case, giving up and moving on arent bad ideas. This is for my happiness and hers. I gain experience by making mistakes. I dont drown by falling in water, I drown by staying there. So lets start today by defying failure, learning from our mistakes, and forging ahead. Edison also encourages us to do tasks one at a time. For me, it is time to step back and take a look at things I am trying to do. I pick my first priority and stick with it until it is totally accomplished. I might find that multitasking such as doing 3 things at once, I could really accomplish things faster. But then I stepped back and looked at what I have done and I saw plenty of small mistakes here and there. I need to learn how to focus on task at hand. Doing more isnt always better if I havent done it accurately. It just means I have accomplished more jobs but havent finished any of them.

How University of Maine Could Improve its Ethics Courses Essay

It is vital to understand the importance of learning ethics in the modern society. Innumerable cases of unethical conduct points to the fact that the country is suffering from a strong moral perspective. Therefore it is my belief that the University of Maine as an educator of the next generation should have a more active policy to instill its student body with ethics. As of 1996, the University of Maine (UMaine) has required its undergraduate students to enroll in a series of courses that full fills a general education (Gen-Ed) criterion. This Gen-Ed criterion includes several subject areas including the study of ethics. According to UMaine’s Gen-Ed guidelines updated in May of 19961, a course would be qualified as an ethics Gen-Ed if the course satisfies the following requirements. 1. Courses that satisfy the ethics requirement have one or more of the following attributes: a. They teach methods of ethical analysis; b. They deal intensively with ethical issues associated with a particular discipline or profession; c. They engage the student in the study of ethical questions arising through the interpretation of literature or history, or social scientific analysis designed to include ethical evaluation. 2. Programs that undertake to integrate the treatment of ethics throughout the required curriculum may submit to the General Education Committee (GEIC) evidence that the program overall meets the Ethics requirement. The GEIC may thus approve a program (for a fixed period of time, subject to regular review) as an alternative to requiring that each student's curriculum contain specifically approved courses The university has stated that the goal of its ethics Gen-Ed requirement includes, â€Å"Students gain exposure to ethics a... ...f Undergraduate University Students in General Education Courses." Journal of General Education 56.2 (2007): 149-68. Web. Boyer, Ernest L. Quest for Common Learning: the Aims of General Edu. Unknown: Carnegie Fdn Adv Teaching, 1990. Print. Currier, D. M., and J. H. Carlson. "Creating Attitudinal Change Through Teaching: How a Course on "Women and Violence" Changes Students' Attitudes About Violence Against Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 24.10 (2009): 1735-754. Print. Holloway, M. C. ". A Comparison Of the Impact of Two Liberal Arts General Education Eore Curricula on Student Humanitarian Values." Journal of General Education (2005). Print. Pope, Kenneth S., Barbara G. Tabachnick, and Patricia Keith-Spiegel. "Ethics of Practice: The Beliefs and Behaviors of Psychologists as Therapists." American Psychologist 42.11 (1987): 993-1006. Print.

J.B. Priestleys An Inspector Calls :: Priestley Inspector Calls Essays

J.B. Priestley's "An Inspector Calls" The play is set at the turn of the century and is centred on a wealthy family who are successful and prosperous at a time of poverty for many. They are oblivious to this, and given the fact that the play was written many years later the play contains much irony about the future, but not only does it make it question our history but also our future. The inspector is portrayed as being the champion of socialism, he is there to symbolise Priestley’s views. Essentially Priestley uses biased representations of capitalism, and socialism, reflected with Birling, and inspector Goole, to prepare the reader for his conclusive message. Priestley conveys this message of responsibility towards others in many ways throughout the play. He also criticises his views on the society at the time by using each of the other characters as dramatic devices to, symbolically, convey his message. Priestley was writing in 1945, while the play was set in 1912 even before the war. Priestley introduces the play right after the world war hence reminding the readers and viewers of the situations before the war. He compares these social situations of 1912 with 1945. His message contrasts these two periods of time with the help of inspector Goole. During 1912 there were a lot of differentiation between the upper and lower class, and very few belonged in between. He uses the inspector indirectly to point out the serious flaws in society which allowed disadvantaged Eva Smith to exist alongside the privileged Birlings. Due to the war the class society had been nearly wiped out. During 1912 almost every lower class family lived in houses rented from private landlords, very few had their own houses. Arthur Birling is shown in 1912 predicting that there will be no war, â€Å"I say there will be no war†, and this prediction was obviously wrong. This technique was used so that Priestley can again give comparisons between the two time periods. In 1945 Priestley tries to make the unaware percentage of people aware of the cruel society that existed in 1912. He shows that the war mixed people up, it broke down the class and occupational barriers that existed before and that a value was given to all men and women, therefore, in that sense there was equality. In the play the inspector is portrayed as an enigmatic figure, never revealing his true identity. His dramatic power lies in this, where revealing his identity would consequently affect the tension and suspense that is built up as the story progresses. To do this effectively, Priestley leaves several interpretations on the identity of the inspector.

Objective of Punishment

Objectives of Punishment There have been many rules throughout history some choose to follow those rules and some choose to break the rules. The big question is the product to those who should break the rules. There was a day when parents could spank their children freely and accepted as simply normal. As the years went on, society started to see how people would take it too far. Therefore, laws had to change. It is the same within today’s prison system. Individuals are in prison because they broke the rules and would have to serve their time. Some go to federal prison and some go to state prisons. It depends on the type of crime that a person commits; because these prisons harbor different types of criminals they also have different guidelines to follow in terms to punishing the inmates. How does sending one person to state or one person to federal prison affect the correctional system altogether? The State of California’s main goal of sentencing is to match the community sanctions with the offender. The types of community sanctions include: Criminal offenders who benefit from prevention services and are at risk of committing more crimes include: juvenile offenders with learning difficulties, high school dropouts, and urban youth gang members. Prevention services may include activities such as special education programs, and big brother programs. Criminal offenders who have received and benefited from these early intervention services are mostly first time offenders. Early intervention programs can significantly decrease the offender’s chances for committing crimes in the future. Offenders need substance abuse and alcohol counseling-related services, work skill development, and education, (Nieto, 1996). Offenders eligible for these programs are people in prison who can divert to alternative services and programs. The convicted offenders can be a second time or even a third time offenders who failed probation and even convicted of several of nonviolent offenses. California's â€Å"three strike's law,† can result in convicted felon sentenced to prison for life if the convicted offenders first two felonies were violent crimes and the third felony committed by the repeat offender is also a violent crime, (Nieto, 1996). The main goal of these sentencing guidelines is to put the targeted offenders with appropriate community sanctions. However, there are some differences and variations in the California sentencing guidelines, which include the punishment by the nature of crime committed, frequency, and severity. A good example took place in Michigan. If an offender is arrested for burglary, which is a class ‘C' felony in the state of Michigan, and a previous drug arrest, which are also a class C crime. The Michigan sentencing guideline rates provide sentencing options from alternative community corrections to a two-year prison sentence, (Nieto, 1996). The community correction’s alternative gives the judge the option of sentencing the criminal offender to a community-based and secured substance abuse treatment program for a period of six months. Upon successful completion of the treatment program, the offender must complete a probationary period. The discretion of the judge comes from a vast array of options. However, if an offender is found guilty of a serious felony and has prior nonviolent felony, sentencing guidelines provide community corrections and alternatives are not authorized and a minimum two-year prison sentence may be requisite, (Nieto, 1996). Until 1975, the federal bureau of prisons operated under the principles of the medical model of managing inmates. The medical model entailed educational, vocational, and treatment programs that attempted to transform criminal behavior into a positive and productive behaviors that would benefit society. The medical model utilized the federal inmate classification system to manage the inmate population and promote individualized treatment, (Miller, 2011). By 1975, the federal bureau of prisons had a much greater inmate population than it had several decades earlier during its inception, and they adopted the balanced model to manage those inmates. The balanced model no longer promoted individualized treatment. The balanced model was a composite model that focused on a combination of the principles of rehabilitation, deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation, (Miller, 2011). Several other major changes over the last few decades have affected the sentencing of those convicted of violating federal laws. The U. S. Sentencing Commission of 985 limited the use of probation for federal offenses, particularly for drug offenses and violent crimes. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 limited the amount of time the prisoners could reduce from their sentences for good behavior. This new law mandated that federal prisoners must serve a minimum of 85% of their sentence. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 also abolished the use of parole for federal p risoners, (Miller, 2011). Federal prisons manage their inmates within the guidelines of a Prisoners Bill of Rights. The prisoner’s rights include clean and decent living environments. Prisoners also have the rights to develop and maintain skills as a productive worker and have the rights to maintain and reinforce family and community ties, (Miller, 2011). The adoption of prisoner rights has helped the federal prisons avoid much of the legal turmoil that has embroiled the state prison systems. Most of the United States economist believed that in today’s times, the USA experiences the most drastic crisis in decades. All states in the United States report about significant budget shortfalls. As the results, the state governments significantly have to reduce their spending for correctional system. For the last two decades of the 20th Century, the spending for state and federal penitentiaries increased 600% because of the growth of measured requiring economic expenditures, for example, mandatory minimum sentences, truth in sentencing laws and three-strike legislation, (Carlson, 2008). Although economic trends started affecting the consideration of sentencing policy, the public attitude toward crimes has greatly changed. Polls show that more people think that it is necessary to address the root causes of crimes and less support the use of strict measures toward criminals. The attitude toward mandatory sentencing also underwent a change. The pool conducted in 2005 showed that 38% think that mandatory sentencing is a good idea whereas 45% of respondents prefer judicial discretion. This radical change in the attitude can be causing significant drop in the crime rate registered in the country, (Carlson, 2008). State and federal governments respond to the impact of the economic crisis on the correction system in a number of ways. The nature of problems varies, depending on the state, and so varies the strategies used. The most popular measures are as follows: prison closings, cuts of the staff in corrections, reviewing the budget of corrections concerning nonessentials, reconsidering sentencing schemes, establishing sentencing committees and commissions. Everything in life changes all the time and will always be that way, which is why everything about the past be called history. The rules and regulations for punishing the wicked and wrong doers always have been around. Many past mistakes made; consequently, the rules had to have either adjusted or completely erased altogether to fix these mistakes. The system of punishment is not a design to humiliate or degrade individual in any way, it is an intention to teach the difference between what is right and what is wrong according to the guidelines set forth by government officials. As the rules and regulations change, it affects the state and federal prison systems. They have had to become more lenient and tolerant with the individuals punished for their crimes. Still they have to try to maintain order within the walls of the confinement even though tougher laws outside the walls are making it easier to put individuals behind bars causing overcrowding and less money for security. References Carlson, Peter M. (2008). Garrett, Judith Simon, Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Miller, Whitehead (2011). Report Writing for Criminal Justice Professionals, 4th Edition, p140, Chapter 6, State and Federal Prisons, Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Nieto, Marcus (May 1996). Community Correction Punishments: An Alternative To Incarceration for Nonviolent Offenders. http://www. library. ca. gov/crb/96/08/#RTFToC6.

How Did Malene’s Arthritis Attacks Impact Her Social Life Essay

Rheumatoid arthritis, shall we say, is a crippling ailment, both literally and figuratively. It is a common ailment and yet there are only few individuals who are willing to admit that they have Rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is also an ailment that can heavily affect the social life of the person who suffers Rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis can also be understandably make the lives of the individuals affected difficult since they can’t be shall we say not fully functional and thus it has certain effects their productivity. But this vicious ailment could be more difficult for people in their prime since there is a common notion that this ailment is for old people only (allaboutarthritis. com). Those individuals in their prime that are affected by Rheumatoid arthritis in many ways could not do certain things that are expected of them because of the ailment. This essay will try to examine and present the impact of the ailment called rheumatoid arthritis on the life, especially on the social life of the fictional character Malene from the novel â€Å"The Exception† by the Danish Writer Christian Jungersen. Her story is somewhat a common case in real life as there are many individuals who suffer from a medical condition that adversely affects the normalcy of their lives. To start off, Rheumatoid arthritis is an ailment that causes the patient constant pain due to inflammation of the joint areas. It is an autoimmune disease meaning the body itself is attacking its own body tissues with its own immune system by mistake. Rheumatoid arthritis is an ailment that is considered a chronic ailment. That just means that rheumatoid arthritis can unfortunately last a lifetime for a patient. Medical practitioners say that the causes of Rheumatoid arthritis are still unknown. The known symptoms for Rheumatoid arthritis can range from joint and swelling of affected the body parts, muscle pains and stiffness, poor appetite, high levels of fatigue, fever among many others. (Medlineplus. gov) Rheumatoid arthritis could have a large impact on the social life of the individual affected just like the case of the character of Malene in the novel â€Å"The Exception† by the Danish Writer Christian Jungersen. The effect of her rheumatoid arthritis is amplified by the fact that she has a lively personality and has a reputation of having an active social and love life. Here is an excerpt from the novel that suggests Malene is quite the social person â€Å"Malene, who has always been brilliant at voices†¦improvising Chris’s words. From time to time she entertains everyone with parodies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jungersen 20). Actually. That previous line implies to us that Malene is quite the entertainer, that she is the kind of person who is comfortable of being around other people. It can also be concluded that she is used to that scenario and now her rheumatoid arthritis is affecting her confidence to mingle with other people. In a scene wherein Malene was in a social gathering, she calls on to her best friend Iben to tell her in secret that she has to leave the social gathering because of her rheumatoid arthritis attack â€Å"‘Look, I really came over to tell you that I’d better leave. My feet †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jungersen 12) She didn’t even finished the sentence because she was quite actually shy about her condition, even to a close friend who she could tell anything. She is still young and it is a common notion that it is unusual for young people to suffer rheumatoid arthritis â€Å"Three years have [just] passed since Malene received her degree† (Jungersen 6). That excerpt from the novel implies to us that Malene is relatively a fresh college graduate. That just means that her age can be approximated from the age of twenty to thirty years of age. Malene may have felt so down because maybe she feels that there are still more to do for people within her age of range. And not that she has the crippling disease of rheumatoid arthritis, her morale could had been dragged down and he confidence to take part in social activities is greatly affected. According to the National Institutes of Health, people suffering rheumatoid arthritis find it difficult to mingle and interact with other people. They say that people that have rheumatoid arthritis are very prone to having low confidence in their self and their ability to socialize. People that have rheumatoid arthritis may feel that they can’t keep up with other people that don’t suffer the ailment, that is why they just stay in a low-profile (National Institutes of Health). That would pose a problem for Malene since she is seemingly always having an above-the-radar profile. She is described in the novel as having a lively personality and attractive physical features as conveyed by Iben’s jealousy to Malene’s physical beauty â€Å"Iben†¦felt envious of her friend, who always met such exciting men through her work,and was good-looking enough to attract many of them† (Jungersen 16). Rheumatoid arthritis would have a big effect on Malene’s confidence since she was described in the novel as rather vain â€Å"Malene comes back, trailing a faint scent of perfume and wearing a flimsy, chocolate-coloured dress†¦ Malene wants to finish her make-up (Jungersen 6-7)†. Her slight vanity would further dramatize her situation of a young woman having rheumatoid arthritis because as we know vain people, they detest having imperfections, even the thought of it. Rheumatoid arthritis could be considered an imperfection because it can cause swellings in affected body parts. These swellings on affected body parts can be considered a quite unattractive feature. Malene is not used to being unattractive, she may have always been a beautiful woman and always attractive to men as explicitly implied by the lines â€Å"Malene, always so sure of being attractive to men, is making a big fuss over nothing† (Jungersen 16). It is just understandable for a young woman, who was always convinced to be always attractive to men, to be questioning her own beauty now that she has an ailment that can deform her beautiful physical features. She may have felt really down when she first heard the news that she was diagnosed to have rheumatoid arthritis in such a young age. That just meant to her that even at her young age, she will be suffering an ailment that only old people should be suffering from. It is not improbable that she may have thought that would look as an old woman and that people in her range of age won’t be comfortable hanging alongside her because she looks more mature. Perhaps the most relevant and dramatic scene that displays Malene’s struggle with rheumatoid arthritis is when she had to change her normal shoes for a pair of shoe especially made for people who suffer rheumatoid arthritis â€Å"In the hall, Malene quickly changes to another pair of her expensive orthopaedic shoes, which she has to wear because of her arthritis. † (Jungersen 8) We should note that she had to change her shoes in a quick manner. The probable reason for her quickly changing shoes is that she is somewhat ashamed to show other people her special condition. In that scene, Malene and Iben were at the hall where there would be other people. Maybe Malene got a little comfortable to change her shoes in the hall because she was with her best friend that could cover for her as she was changing. What is dramatic in that scene was the fact that she was always convinced that she was a beautiful woman. Through that fact we can make an assumption that she was used to wearing fashionable and fancy â€Å"normal† shoes. And now that she has rheumatoid arthritis, she is forced by the crippling pain of the ailment to wear unfashionable-doctor-prescribed shoes. It is just sad to imagine that she may have once wore expensive fancy shoes that were tailored by the likes of Prada, and now she is being forced to wear a more expensive shoe tailored by a doctor specialized in treating joints, not in making women look elegant. As we know it, shoes are probably one of the shortest way to a woman’s heart. And now Malene’s maybe sad because she can’t wear beautiful â€Å"normal† shoes that she was once used to wear. Consequently, setting aside the effects on the social life, rheumatoid arthritis can also have adverse effects on the individual’s love life. This portion of the paragraph is included because love life and relationships can be also considered as a form of the social life. It seems that individuals with rheumatoid arthritis find it difficult to be comfortable approaching other people. They also find it difficult to talk about their condition openly to people, even if they have close relationships. They find it difficult to communicate openly to others because they are having the fear of being judged or rejected. Some even come to the point of being frustrated when they are trying to explain their condition because others without rheumatoid arthritis find it difficult to relate to the patient. (National Institutes of Health) That was the same case for Malene as rheumatoid arthritis had ruined her already fragile relationship with his boyfriend. Malene and her boyfriend were already having fights about the shaky status of their relationship. Malene’s boyfriend was complaining about the lack of time that Malene gives him and their relationship. Malene’s boyfriend had accused her of having so much time worrying other things besides him and their relationship. These things would include her work and unfortunately her condition of having rheumatoid arthritis. In that sense, her ailment was one of the main factors that had caused her a happy relationship with her boyfriend. As if it wasn’t enough that she had worried that her boyfriend won’t like her because her body parts maybe deformed by rheumatoid arthritis. The ailment, rheumatoid arthritis had paved the way for her worst nightmare of being left by her boyfriend. But then again, that just means that her boyfriend doesn’t love her as much or as purely. It would be really quite ironic when eventually they get married and be taking their vows, especially when her boyfriend will say the â€Å"through sickness and in health†¦Ã¢â‚¬  part. He couldn’t even give her girlfriend enough understanding that she has a condition and the kind of work that requires much understanding. Moreover, although it was not explicitly mentioned in the novel, Malene’s sexual relationship/s could have been affected by her condition. Since, rheumatoid arthritis can cause body pains and stiffness, her ability to perform sexually could be put in question. It is just an assumption that this could have been a factor to the weakening of Malene and her boyfriend’s relationship. Almost all the main characters in the story were given their share of respective complications by the author. Iben. Malene’s best friend, had to deal with her horrible past of being abducted by terrorist on Africa, Camilla, the office secretary, also had to deal with his past because her former lover was a terrorist, Anne-Lise had to deal with both her past and present as she was constantly bullied by everyone around her. In the case of Malene, her complication is that she has rheumatoid arthritis. As if the complications were not bad enough, the he complication Marlene and the other characters has to face is also seemingly being affected by their gender as they are working on a male dominated environment. Moreover, it is also seems that the complications that Marlene and the other characters have to face seems to be interfering their work, sort of preventing them not to function well in their work. The previous paragraph was included because work can also be considered a social function. More common than not, people are obliged to sort of mingle and interact with other people, like co-workers, bosses, clients, etc, in their respective workplace. It is a common notion in workplaces that workers should mingle and interact with other workers to form a kind of cohesiveness within the workplace place with the assumption that they would function better together as a team. Another assumption is that that certain cohesiveness among the workers requires camaraderie and trust. In the case of Malene, it seems that that certain trust is being damaged because she constantly keeps a secret from her fellow workers, her rheumatoid Rheumatoid arthritis. As stated earlier in this essay, Malene, just like others who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, find it hard to openly talk about their condition with other people. That is the very reason why she is only comfortable to discuss her situation with her best friend, Iben. It was very admirable of Malene’s best friend Iben to be always there to help her in times of need, or in the case of Malene, times of many needs. Malene’s dependence to her best friend Iben was displayed in pages eighteen to nineteen â€Å"Iben felt like Malene’s squire, always ready to help and support her. Only Iben was allowed to know when Malene wasn’t capable of twisting the lids off jars, of buttoning her shirts, or of unlocking doors by herself. † (Jungersen 18-19). As we can see from that excerpt, Malene was already dependent to her best friend Iben because Malene could no longer perform even the most basic of functions. It is important to take into consideration that these basic functions would include functions from Malene’s work. With that taken into consideration, we can now conclude that rheumatoid arthritis did not only affected and deteriorated her joints and body tissues, but also Malene’s performance at work. And as stated earlier in this paragraph, if her performance at the workplace is being affected, it is just logical that her social life is also being affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Malene’s work was greatly affected because she had to miss several days of work due to rheumatic arthritis â€Å"The diagnosis was a sudden onset of rheumatoid Rheumatoid arthritis and Malene had been kept in hospital for several days† (Jungersen 18). It is not only her work life that was affected by her condition, her social life had also suffered much because of rheumatoid arthritis. Her work and her boyfriend was basically the bulk of Malene’s social life. If she was bedridden for several days in the hospital, that just means several days of only talking to doctors and nurses, that wouldn’t qualify as a social activity at all since she had no choice but to be bedridden and answer the questions of the people from the hospital. The effects to Malene’s social life of rheumatoid arthritis were also surfaced in the most poignant parts of the novel. In the novel â€Å"The Exception† the story revolved around the death threat that the office of Manlene had recived. She may have felt great fear because she knows in herself that she would have a hard time defending herself since rheumatoid arthritis had already weakened her. She may have felt helpless and unable to defend herself. All in all, the ailment rheumatoid arthritis had completely ruined Malene’s social life. The condition had a great effect on her confidence especially because her job was to help people. She may have questioned her ability to help others if she can’t even help herself as she was dependent to Iben to help her in even the most basic of functions. Rheumatoid arthritis had brutally shattered the poor Malene’s relatively small-scaled social life that was mostly consisted of her work and her boyfriend. She had missed several social gatherings, work, dates with her boyfriend, appointments, and other social functions on repeated occasions throughout the novel because of her condition. It was like the ailment rheumatoid arthritis did not only affected and deteriorated her joints and body tissues, but also Malene’s performance at work, relationship with her boyfriend and best friend, reputation as a lively and beautiful lady, basically all of her social life was turned upside down. To end, Malene’s condition is suffered by many people around us. Her story, or rather her tragedy tells us that people that have rheumatoid arthritis requires understanding from people who are fortunate enough to not have suffered the pains of the ailment. Her story tells us that we shouldn’t be like her selfish boyfriend who is devoid of empathy. What we should be is like Iben who is selflessly helpful to these people. Works Cited Jungersen, Christian. The Exception. Orion Publishing Group. 2006 allaboutarthritis. com. Rheumatoid Arthritis. 24 March 2008 http://www. allaboutarthritis. com/AllAboutRheumatoidarthritis/layoutTemplates/html/en/contentdisplay/document/condition/Rheumatoid arthritis/generalArticle/dating_Rheumatoid arthritis_xml. htm Medlineplus. gov. Effects of Arthritis on the Dating Life. 24 March 2008 http://www. medicinenet. edu/rheumatoid_arthritis/page2. htm#2whatcausera arthritis. org . Arthritis and Young Teens. 24 March 2008 http://www. arthritis. org/juvenile- arthritis. php British Society for Rheumatology. Effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis on the Social Life. 24 March 2008 http://rheumatology. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/abstract/15/3/156 UW Medicine. edu. Frequently Asked Questions About Arthritis. 24 March 2008 http://www. orthop. washington. edu/uw/livingwith/tabID__3376/ItemID__94/PageID__11 8/Articles/Default. aspx

Just Lather That’s All

Just Lather, That’s All: principles vs. actions In Hernando Tellez’s Just Lather, That’s All; despite given the opportunity to greatly help the revolutionists, the Barber cannot murder Captain Torres because the act goes against his moral beliefs. Even killing an evil man is beyond his personal principles. On the other hand, Captain Torres is more than capable of killing the Barber, but his arrogance prevents him. His intentional provocation of the Barber tests the revolutionist; he knows the potential danger, but refuses to accept the possibility as he believes he cannot be killed by such a simple man.Morality and arrogance prevent both characters from killing each other; their principles mean more to them than their duties. The Barber cannot kill Captain Torres, because he finds murder ethically ugly. After the horrible hanging of the revolutionists by Captain Torres, he becomes horrified and contemplates killing the man: â€Å"And how easy it would be to kill him. And he deserves it. Does he? No! † (par. 12) The Barber is certain that murdering Captain Torres is â€Å"easy† for him, but his morality puts him in hesitation, which is clearly shown as he contradicts himself: â€Å"[Torres] deserves [to die].Does he? No! † The Barber thinks that â€Å"no one deserves to have someone else make the sacrifice of becoming a murderer† (par. 12), even if that â€Å"one† is a ruthless executor like Captain Torres. The word â€Å"sacrifice† emphasizes the Barber’s hate for murderers, as it shows that someone must give up his moral principles and turn into a monster in order to become a murderer. The Barber has to sacrifice the joy of perfecting his job by committing the most shameful mistake a Barber can make – opening a customer’s pores and emitting blood. Blood† is the word that the Barber doesn’t like: â€Å"out of his neck a gush of blood would spout onto the sheet†¦ the blood would keep inching along the floor†¦ineradicable†¦like a scarlet stream. † (par. 12) The Barber’s disgust for blood, which symbolizes guilt, is manifested as he describes how once â€Å"blood† spouts, it will spread and never stop: â€Å"ineradicable†. In other words, the feel of guilt will be in him forever. The Barber thinks that killing Captain Torres while he is shaving for him and his eyes are closed is cowardly of him: â€Å"Captain Torres’ murderer.He slit his throat while he was shaving him a coward. † (par. 12) The Barber clearly hates blood and murder; he does not even kill the most brutal man. He realizes he will be called a â€Å"murderer†; an awful word that will always haunt him. He will be perceived as a â€Å"coward† for killing a brutal but defenseless man. However he claims that he is â€Å"a revolutionary and not a murderer† (par. 12) which is ironic since revolutionists are known to do anything even if it threaten their lives, in order to stand up for their beliefs.But the Barber is not willing to become a villain like Captain Torres: â€Å"I don’t want to be a murderer, no sir†¦I don’t want blood on my hands. Just Lather, that’s all. † (par. 13) The repetition of the word â€Å"blood† emphasizes how â€Å"blood† (guilt) is the first image that comes to the Barber’s mind when he thinks about murder. His morality makes him take the decision and that is to let the captain go. The Barber doesn’t want guilt or blood. He only wants to do his job: â€Å"just lather that’s all. † Simultaneously, Captain Torres can easily kill the Barber but his conceit tempts him to test the Barber.He can’t stand the idea of a normal man being able to kill him. He taunts the Barber by talking about the people he has captured and how they will all be executed soon. He wants to provoke him to find out if the revolutionist can kill him or not. â€Å"Not one of them comes out them comes out of this alive, not one,† (par. 5) says Captain Torres, knowing that the Barber is sympathetic toward the rebels. Captain Torres repeats â€Å"not one† to indirectly threaten the Barber; he tries to scare the Barber to find out if the man is brave enough to commit the murder or not after this threat.At the end, Captain Torres telling the Barber that he knows his secret shows how arrogant he is; instead of killing or capturing the man after exposing him, he walks away Captain Torres and the Barber fail in killing each other because of the Barber’s ethicalness and Captain Torres’ vanity. The Barber killing someone is out of question even if it is someone ruthless like Captain Torres. Captain Torres’ pride controls his actions to make him not help but test the Barber instead of killing him.